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Silene acaulis
''Silene acaulis'', known as moss campion or cushion pink, is a small mountain-dwelling wildflower that is common all over the high arctic and tundra in the higher mountains of Eurasia and North America, (south to the Alps, Carpathians, southern Siberia, Pyrenees, British Isles, Faroe Islands, Rocky Mountains). It is an evergreen perennial.
== Description ==
Moss campion is a low, ground-hugging plant. It may seem densely matted and moss-like.〔Weber, William A. Colorado Flora. Boulder, CO: Colorado Associated UP, 1987. Print.〕 The dense cushions are up to a foot or more in diameter. The plants are usually about 2" tall but may be as high as 6". The bright green leaves are narrow, arising from the base of the plant. The dead leaves from the previous season persist for years, and pink flowers are borne singly on short stalks that may be up to 1" long, but are usually much shorter. It usually has pink flowers, though very rarely they may be white.〔Weber, William A. Colorado Flora. Boulder, CO: Colorado Associated UP, 1987. Print.〕 The flowers are solitary and star-shaped. They are between 6 and 12 mm wide, with hermaphrodite flowers being larger than the female ones.〔Alatalo, J.M. and Molau, U. 1995. Effect of altitude on the sex ratio in populations of Silene acaulis. – Nordic Journal of Botany. 15: 251-256. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1995.tb00150.x〕 Female flowers produce better quality seeds than hermaphrodites 〔Shykoff, J. A. 1988. Maintenance of gynodioecy in Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae): Stage specific fecundity and viability selection. - Am. J. Bot. 75: 844-850.〕 and male flowers produce better quality pollen than hermaphrodites.〔Alatalo, J.M. and Molau, U. 2001. Pollen viability and limitation of seed production in a population of the circumpolar cushion plant, Silene acaulis. – Nordic Journal of Botany. 21 (4): 365-372. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2001.tb00780.x〕 The cushions can change the gender of their flowers between years.〔Alatalo, J. M. (1997), Gender lability in trioecious Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany, 17: 181–183. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1997.tb00307.x〕 Gender frequencies change with altitude, the frequency of female flowers increasing with higher elevation.〔Alatalo, J.M. and Molau, U. 1995. Effect of altitude on the sex ratio in populations of Silene acaulis. – Nordic Journal of Botany. 15: 251-256. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1995.tb00150.x〕 They usually appear in June through August.〔Nicholls, Graham, and Rick Lupp. Alpine Plants of North America: an Encyclopedia of Mountain Flowers from the Rockies to Alaska. Portland: Timber, 2002. Print.〕 The flowers are held by a calyx which is rather firm and thick.〔Zwinger, Ann, and Beatrice E. Willard. Land above the Trees: a Guide to American Alpine Tundra. Boulder, CO: Johnson, 1996. Print.〕 The flowers are female, male or hermaphrodites.〔http://www.amjbot.org/content/85/6/784.short〕
The sepals are joined together into a tube that conceals the bases of the petals, which are entire. The 10 stamens and 3 styles extend well beyond the throat of the flower.〔Phillips, W (1999). Central Rocky Mountain Wildflowers: A Field Guide to Common Wildflowers, Shrubs, and Trees. Falcon Publishing, Inc.〕
This genus, circumpolar in its distribution, is closely related to carnations.〔Nicholls, Graham, and Rick Lupp. Alpine Plants of North America: an Encyclopedia of Mountain Flowers from the Rockies to Alaska. Portland: Timber, 2002. Print.〕 The stems and leaves are very sticky and viscid, which may discourage ants and beetles from climbing on the plant.〔Zwinger, Ann, and Beatrice E. Willard. Land above the Trees: a Guide to American Alpine Tundra. Boulder, CO: Johnson, 1996. Print.〕 The variety ''exscapa'' has shorter flowering stems. The other variety ''subacaulescens,'' from Wyoming and Colorado, has pale pink flowers all summer.〔Nicholls, Graham, and Rick Lupp. Alpine Plants of North America: an Encyclopedia of Mountain Flowers from the Rockies to Alaska. Portland: Timber, 2002. Print.〕
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